To begin Salesforce App Development, essential components include a Salesforce Developer account for access to development tools and environments. Understanding Salesforce's data model and architecture is crucial for designing app functionalities. Utilizing Salesforce Lightning Platform accelerates app development with its robust framework. Knowledge of Apex programming language and Lightning Web Components (LWC) is essential for customizing app logic and UI. Lastly, familiarity with Salesforce APIs enables integration with external systems, enhancing app functionality and usability.